Cogeneration

TEACHING UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definitions
1.2. Settings
1.3. Opportunities and risks
PARAMETERS AND INDICES
2.1. Energy efficiency
2.2. Emissions
3. DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1. Adjustment to electricity demand
3.2. Adjustment to heat demand
3.3. Recommendations
4. THE SITUATION IN SPAIN
4.1. Historical development
4.2. Current status and potential
4.3. Regulatory framework
5. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
6. CASE STUDY
7. REFERENCES

TEACHING UNIT 2. ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION. CLASSIFICATION
2. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
3. ENERGY BALANCE. YIELDS.
4. MCIA: PERFORMANCE. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.
5. FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM.
6. SPECIAL-STATUS GENERATION FACILITIES, GROUP B, USING ALTERNATIVE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
7. MICRO COGENERATION UNITS
8. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COGENERATION PLANTS WITH MCIA
9. THE ENVIRONMENT
10. FEASIBILITY OF COGENERATION PLANTS USING ALTERNATIVE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
11. CASE STUDIES
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEACHING UNIT 3. TURBINES
Summary
1. TURBINES USED IN COGENERATION
1.1. General concepts
1.2. The development of cogeneration using turbines
1.3. Cogeneration applications using turbines
1.4. Specific features of turbine cycles used in combined heat and power generation
2. STEAM TURBINES
2.1. Types of turbines
2.2. Components and auxiliary systems of steam turbines
2.3. Selection of steam turbines for combined heat and power generation
2.4. Maintenance of steam turbines
3. GAS TURBINES
3.1. Types of turbines
3.2. Selection of gas turbines for combined heat and power generation
3.3. Sensitivity of gas turbine performance
3.4. Components and auxiliary systems
3.5. Fuels and emissions
3.6. Maintenance of gas turbines
4. DISTRICT HEATING
4.1. Thermal power station
4.2. Distribution network
4.3. Substations
4.4. Advantages of central heating systems
ANNEX I: STATE OF THE ART IN COGENERATION TURBINES (ADDITIONAL MATERIAL)
STATE OF THE ART IN STEAM TURBINES/AMA-ConHTML-AMA/
THE STATE OF THE ART IN GAS TURBINES
Trends in new gas turbine developments
BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEACHING UNIT 4. LITHIUM BROMIDE ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION MACHINES
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The benefits of absorption refrigeration
1.2 A brief history of absorption systems
1.3 Fundamentals of thermal refrigeration
2. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
2.1. Operating Principle
2.2. The Basic Absorption Cycle
2.3. Refrigerant/Absorbent Mixtures
2.4. PTX diagrams for refrigerant/absorbent mixtures
2.5. Representation of the absorption cycle on the PTX diagram
3. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGIES
3.1. Working fluids
3.2. Classification of equipment
4. WATER/LIBR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY
4.1. Single-effect cycle
4.2. Double-effect cycle
4.3 Single-effect chillers
4.2 Double-effect chillers
5. PROPERTIES OF WATER/LIBR
5.1 Saturation temperatures of solutions
5.2 Enthalpies of solutions
5.3 Densities of solutions
6. PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING LIMITS
6.1. Operating temperature, heat dissipation temperature and cold water temperature
6.2. Operational limits
7. APPLICATIONS
7.1. Integration into cogeneration systems: Trigeneration
7.2. Other applications: Solar cooling
. 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEACHING UNIT 5. AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION MACHINES
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General considerations
1.2 Properties of ammonia/water mixtures
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AMMONIA/WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
2.1 Foundation stage
2.2 Basic cycle with subcooler
2.3 Integration of the rectifier
3. ADVANCED COURSES
3.1 Two-stage cycles
3.2 GAX Cycle
4. AMMONIA/WATER REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY
5. PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA/WATER
6. APPLICATIONS
6.1 Description of an application in the agri-food industry.
7. REFERENCES

TEACHING UNIT 6. TAIL CYCLES
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2. Economic aspects
2. CONVENTIONAL RANKINE CYCLE
3. KALINA CYCLE
4. ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC)
4.1. Working fluids
4.2. ORC cycle technology
4.3. Selection of ORC cycles
5. CASE STUDIES
5.1. Cement industry
5.2. Waste heat from a combined heat and power plant
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEACHING UNIT 7. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
2.1. Final energy demand in Spain
2.2. Demand for air conditioning
2.3. Demand for hot water
3. THERMAL STORAGE
3.1. Justification
3.2. Operation
3.3. Technologies
3.4. Integration
4. DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1. Tertiary sector
4.2. Residential sector
5. DISTRICT NETWORKS
6. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
7. ENERGY SERVICE COMPANIES
8. CASE STUDIES
8.1. Tertiary sector
8.2. Residential sector
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
10. APPENDIX. TAP WATER TEMPERATURE IN SPAIN